Darwin is an open source Open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to the end product's source materials. Some consider open source a philosophy, others consider it a pragmatic methodology. Before the term open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of phrases to describe the concept; open source POSIX POSIX or "Portable Operating System Interface [for Unix]" is the name of a family of related standards specified by the IEEE to define the application programming interface (API), along with shell and utilities interfaces for software compatible with variants of the Unix operating system, although the standard can apply to any operating-compliant computer operating system An operating system is the software on a computer that manages the way different programs use its hardware, and regulates the ways that a user controls the computer. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer with multiple programs—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers. Some released by Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and markets consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products include the Macintosh computers, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. Apple software includes the Mac OS X operating system; the iTunes media browser; the iLife suite in 2000. It is composed of code developed by Apple, as well as code derived from NeXTSTEP NeXTSTEP is the object-oriented, multitasking operating system developed by NeXT Computer to run on its range of proprietary workstation computers, such as the NeXTcube, and later, other computer architectures, BSD Berkeley Software Distribution is a UNIX operating system derivative developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) of the University of California, Berkeley, from 1977 to 1995, and other free software Free software, software libre or libre software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with minimal restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things and that manufacturers of consumer- projects.

Darwin forms the core set of components upon which Mac OS X Mac OS X is a series of Unix-based operating systems and graphical user interfaces developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. Since 2002, Mac OS X has been included with all new Macintosh computer systems. It is the successor to Mac OS 9, the final release of the "classic" Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 198, Apple TV Apple TV is a digital media receiver made and sold by Apple. It is a small form factor network appliance designed to play digital content originating from the iTunes Store, YouTube, Flickr, MobileMe or any Mac OS X or Windows computer running iTunes onto an enhanced-definition or high-definition widescreen television. Apple TV can function as, and iPhone OS iPhone OS is a mobile operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the default operating system of the iPhone, the iPod Touch, and the iPad are based. It is compatible with the Single UNIX Specification The Single UNIX Specification is the collective name of a family of standards for computer operating systems to qualify for the name "Unix". The SUS is developed and maintained by the Austin Group, based on earlier work by the IEEE and The Open Group version 3 (SUSv3) and POSIX POSIX or "Portable Operating System Interface [for Unix]" is the name of a family of related standards specified by the IEEE to define the application programming interface (API), along with shell and utilities interfaces for software compatible with variants of the Unix operating system, although the standard can apply to any operating UNIX applications and utilities.[2][3]

Contents

History

Darwin's heritage began with NeXT Next, Inc. was an American computer company headquartered in Redwood City, California, that developed and manufactured a series of computer workstations intended for the higher education and business markets. NeXT was founded in 1985 by Apple Computer co-founder Steve Jobs after his forced resignation from Apple. NeXT introduced the first NeXT's NeXTSTEP NeXTSTEP is the object-oriented, multitasking operating system developed by NeXT Computer to run on its range of proprietary workstation computers, such as the NeXTcube, and later, other computer architectures operating system (later known as OPENSTEP OpenStep was an object-oriented application programming interface specification for an object-oriented operating system that uses any modern operating system as its core, principally developed by NeXT with Sun Microsystems. OPENSTEP (all capitalized) was a specific implementation of the OpenStep API developed by NeXT.. While originally built on a), first released in 1989. After Apple bought NeXT in 1997, it announced it would base its next operating system on OPENSTEP. This was developed into Rhapsody Rhapsody was the code name given to Apple Computer's next-generation operating system during the period of its development between Apple's purchase of NeXT in late 1996 and the announcement of Mac OS X in 1998. It consisted primarily of the OPENSTEP operating system ported to the PowerMac along with new graphics in the GUI to make it appear more in 1997 and the Rhapsody-based Mac OS X Server 1.0 Mac OS X Server 1.0, released on March 16, 1999, is the first operating system released into the retail market by Apple Computer based on their acquisition of NeXT. It followed the Rhapsody series of developer releases of what was to be known as Mac OS X. Although OS X Server 1.0 had a variation of the Platinum "look and feel" from Mac in 1999. In 2000, Rhapsody was forked In software engineering, a project fork happens when developers take a legal copy of source code from one software package and start independent development on it, creating a distinct piece of software into Darwin and released as open-source software Open-source software is computer software that is available in source code form for which the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, and improve the software. Open source licenses often meet the requirements of the Open Source under the Apple Public Source License The Apple Public Source License is the open source and free software license under which Apple's Darwin operating system was released. A free software and open source license was voluntarily adopted to further involve the community from which much of Darwin originated (APSL), and components from Darwin are present in Mac OS X today.

Up to Darwin 8.0, Apple released a binary installer (as an ISO image An ISO image is an archive file of an optical disc in a format defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This format is supported by many software vendors. ISO image files typically have a file extension of .ISO. The name ISO is taken from the ISO 9660 file system used with CD-ROM media, but an ISO image can also contain) after each major Mac OS X release that allowed one to install Darwin on PowerPC PowerPC is a RISC architecture created by the 1991 Apple–IBM–Motorola alliance, known as AIM. PowerPC, as an evolving instruction set, has since 2006 been renamed Power ISA but lives on as a legacy trademark for some implementations of Power Architecture based processors and Intel x86 The term x86 refers to a family of instruction set architectures based on the Intel 8086. The term derived from the fact that many early processors backward compatible with the 8086 also had names ending in "86". Many additions and extensions have been added to the x86 instruction set over the years, almost consistently with full computers as a standalone operating system. Minor updates were released as packages that were installed separately. Darwin is now only available as source code,[4] except for the ARM The ARM is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computer instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by ARM Holdings. It was known as the Advanced RISC Machine, and before that as the Acorn RISC Machine. The ARM architecture is the most widely used 32-bit ISA in terms of numbers produced. They were originally conceived as a processor for desktop variant, which has not been released in any form separately from iPhone OS. However, the older versions of Darwin are still available in Binary form.

Design

Kernel

Darwin is built around XNU XNU is the computer operating system kernel that Apple Inc. acquired and developed for use in the Mac OS X operating system and released as free and open source software as part of the Darwin operating system. XNU is an acronym for X is Not Unix, a hybrid kernel A hybrid kernel is a kernel architecture based on combining aspects of microkernel and monolithic kernel architectures used in computer operating systems. The category is controversial due to the similarity to monolithic kernel; the term has been dismissed by some as simple marketing. The traditional kernel categories are monolithic kernels and that combines the Mach Mach is an operating system microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University to support operating system research, primarily distributed and parallel computation. It is one of the earliest examples of a microkernel, and its derivatives are the basis of the modern operating system kernels in Mac OS X and GNU Hurd 3 microkernel In computer science, a microkernel is the near-minimum amount of software that can provide the mechanisms needed to implement an operating system. These mechanisms include low-level address space management, thread management, and inter-process communication. As an operating system design approach, microkernels permit typical operating system, various elements of BSD Berkeley Software Distribution is a UNIX operating system derivative developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) of the University of California, Berkeley, from 1977 to 1995 (including the process model, network stack, and virtual file system A virtual file system or virtual filesystem switch is an abstraction layer on top of a more concrete file system. The purpose of a VFS is to allow client applications to access different types of concrete file systems in a uniform way. A VFS can, for example, be used to access local and network storage devices transparently without the client),[5] and an object-oriented device driver In computing, a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with a hardware device API An Application Programming Interface is an interface implemented by a software program which enables it to interact with other software. It is similar to the way the user interface facilitates interaction between humans and computers. An API is implemented by applications, libraries, and operating systems to determine their vocabularies and called I/O Kit The I/O Kit is an open-source framework in the XNU kernel that helps developers code device drivers for Apple's Mac OS X operating system. The I/O Kit framework was originally introduced as part of Apple's Rhapsody operating system that later became Mac OS X, and shared no similarities with either Mac OS 9's device driver framework, or that of BSD.[6]

Some of the benefits of this choice of kernel are the Mach-O Mach-O, short for Mach object file format, is a file format for executables, object code, shared libraries, dynamically-loaded code, and core dumps. A replacement for the a.out format, Mach-O offered more extensibility and faster access to information in the symbol table binary format, which allows a single executable file (including the kernel itself) to support multiple CPU The Central Processing Unit or the processor is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the computer's functions. This term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s . The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed architectures, and the mature support for symmetric multiprocessing In computing, symmetric multiprocessing or SMP involves a multiprocessor computer architecture where two or more identical processors can connect to a single shared main memory. Most common multiprocessor systems today use an SMP architecture. In the case of multi-core processors, the SMP architecture applies to the cores, treating them as in Mach. The hybrid kernel design compromises between the flexibility of a microkernel In computer science, a microkernel is the near-minimum amount of software that can provide the mechanisms needed to implement an operating system. These mechanisms include low-level address space management, thread management, and inter-process communication. As an operating system design approach, microkernels permit typical operating system and the performance of a monolithic kernel A monolithic kernel is a kernel architecture where the entire operating system is working in the kernel space and alone as supervisor mode. In difference with other architectures, the monolithic kernel defines alone a high-level virtual interface over computer hardware, with a set of primitives or system calls to implement all operating system.

Hardware and software support

Darwin currently includes support for both 32-bit In computer architecture, 32-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are at most 32 bits wide. Also, 32-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. 32-bit is also a term given to a generation of computers in which 32-bit processors were the norm and 64-bit In computer architecture, 64-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are at most 64 bits wide. Also, 64-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. 64-bit is also a term given to a generation of computers in which 64-bit processors were the norm variants of the Intel x86 The term x86 refers to a family of instruction set architectures based on the Intel 8086. The term derived from the fact that many early processors backward compatible with the 8086 also had names ending in "86". Many additions and extensions have been added to the x86 instruction set over the years, almost consistently with full processor A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a computer's central processing unit on a single integrated circuit (IC, or microchip). The first microprocessors emerged in the early 1970s and were used for electronic calculators, using binary-coded decimal (BCD) arithmetic in 4-bit words. Other embedded uses of 4-bit and 8-bit used in the Mac The Macintosh , or Mac, is a series of several lines of personal computers designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. The first Macintosh was introduced on January 24, 1984; it was the first commercially successful personal computer to feature a mouse and a graphical user interface rather than a command-line interface and Apple TV Apple TV is a digital media receiver made and sold by Apple. It is a small form factor network appliance designed to play digital content originating from the iTunes Store, YouTube, Flickr, MobileMe or any Mac OS X or Windows computer running iTunes onto an enhanced-definition or high-definition widescreen television. Apple TV can function as as well as the 32-bit ARM The ARM is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computer instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by ARM Holdings. It was known as the Advanced RISC Machine, and before that as the Acorn RISC Machine. The ARM architecture is the most widely used 32-bit ISA in terms of numbers produced. They were originally conceived as a processor for desktop processor used in the iPhone The iPhone is a line of Internet and multimedia-enabled smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first iPhone was introduced on January 9, 2007 and iPod Touch The iPod Touch , is a portable media player, personal digital assistant, and Wi-Fi mobile platform designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The product was launched on September 5, 2007, at an event called The Beat Goes On. The iPod Touch adds the multi-touch graphical user interface to the iPod line. It is the first iPod with wireless access to the. An open-source port of the XNU XNU is the computer operating system kernel that Apple Inc. acquired and developed for use in the Mac OS X operating system and released as free and open source software as part of the Darwin operating system. XNU is an acronym for X is Not Unix kernel exists which supports Darwin on Intel and AMD Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (NYSE: AMD) is an American multinational semiconductor company based in Sunnyvale, California, that develops computer processors and related technologies for commercial and consumer markets. Its main products include microprocessors, motherboard chipsets, embedded processors and graphics processors for servers, x86 platforms not officially supported by Apple.[7]

It supports the POSIX POSIX or "Portable Operating System Interface [for Unix]" is the name of a family of related standards specified by the IEEE to define the application programming interface (API), along with shell and utilities interfaces for software compatible with variants of the Unix operating system, although the standard can apply to any operating API by way of its BSD lineage and a large number of programs written for various other UNIX-like systems can be compiled on Darwin with no changes to the source code.

Darwin and Mac OS X both use I/O Kit for their drivers and therefore support the same hardware, file systems, and so forth. Apple's distribution of Darwin included proprietary (binary-only) drivers for their AirPort wireless cards.

Darwin does not include many of the defining elements of Mac OS X, such as the Carbon and Cocoa APIs or the Quartz Compositor and Aqua user interface, and thus cannot run Mac applications. It does, however, support a number of lesser known features of Mac OS X, such as mDNSResponder, which is the multicast DNS responder and a core component of the Bonjour networking technology, and launchd, an advanced service management framework.

License

In July 2003, Apple released Darwin under version 2.0 of the Apple Public Source License (APSL), which the Free Software Foundation (FSF) approved as a free software license. Previous releases had taken place under an earlier version of the APSL that did not meet the FSF's definition of free software, although it met the requirements of the Open Source Definition.

Mascot

The Darwin developers decided to adopt a mascot in 2000, and chose Hexley the Platypus, over other contenders, such as an Aqua Darwin fish, Clarus the Dogcow, and an orca. Hexley is a cartoon platypus who usually wears a cap resembling a demon's horns. He carries a trident, similar to the BSD Daemon, to symbolize the daemon's forking of processes. Hexley was designed and copyrighted by Jon Hooper. Apple does not sanction Hexley as a logo for Darwin.[8]

Hexley's name was a mistake: it was originally supposed to be named after Thomas Henry Huxley, a 19th century English biologist who was a well-known champion of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution (nick-named "Darwin's bulldog"). However, ignorance led not only to a mistake in Huxley's name, but who he was thought to be. The developers apparently thought he was simply Darwin's assistant, when in fact he was a prominent biologist in his own right. By the time the mistake had been discovered, it was deemed too late to change, and the incorrect name "Hexley" was kept.[9]

Releases

This is a table of major Darwin releases with their dates of release and their corresponding Mac OS X releases.[10] Note that the corresponding Mac OS X release may have been released on a different date; refer to the Mac OS X pages for those dates.

Version number Release date Corresponding releases Features and changes
0.1 March 16, 1999 Mac OS X Server 1.0
1.0.2 November 10, 1999 Mac OS X DP2
1.1 April 5, 2000 Mac OS X DP4
1.2.1 November 15, 2000 Mac OS X Public Beta
1.3.1 April 13, 2001 Mac OS X v10.0
1.4.1 October 2, 2001 Mac OS X v10.1 Performance improvements to "boot time, real-time threads, thread management, cache flushing, and preemption handling," support for SMB network file system, Wget replaced with cURL.[11]
6.0.1 September 23, 2002 Mac OS X v10.2 (Darwin 6.0.2) GCC upgraded from 2 to 3.1, IPv6 and IPSec support, mDNSResponder service discovery daemon (Rendezvous), addition of CUPS, Ruby, and Python, journaling support in HFS+ (Darwin 6.2), application profiles ("pre-heat files") for faster program launching.[12]
7.0 October 24, 2003 Mac OS X v10.3 BSD layer synchronized with FreeBSD 5, automatic file defragmentation, hot-file clustering, and optional case sensitivity in HFS+, bash instead of tcsh as default shell, read-only NTFS support (Darwin 7.9).[13]
8.0 April 29, 2005 Mac OS X v10.4 Mac OS X for Apple TV (Darwin 8.8.2) Stable kernel programming interface, finer-grained kernel locking, 64-bit BSD layer, launchd service management framework, extended file attributes, access control lists, commands such as cp and mv updated to preserve extended attributes and resource forks.[14]
9.0 October 26, 2007 iPhone OS 1.0 (Darwin 9.0.0d1) Mac OS X v10.5 Full POSIX compliance, improved hierarchical process scheduling model, dynamically allocated swap files, dynamic resource limits (for files and processes), process sandboxing, address space layout randomization, DTrace tracing framework, file system events daemon, directory hard links, Apache 1.3 and PHP 4 updated to Apache 2.2 and PHP 5, read-only ZFS support.[15]
10.0 August 28, 2009 Mac OS X v10.6 End of support for PowerPC architecture; 64-bit kernel and drivers, libdispatch task parallelization framework, OpenCL heterogeneous computing framework, support for blocks in C, transparent file compression in HFS+.[16]

The jump in version numbers from Darwin 1.4.1 to 5.1 with the release of Mac OS X v10.1.1 was designed to tie Darwin to the Mac OS X version and build numbering system. In the build numbering system of Mac OS X, every version has a unique beginning build number, which identifies what whole version of Mac OS X it is part of. Mac OS X v10.0 had build numbers starting with 4, 10.1 had build numbers starting with 5, and so forth (earlier build numbers represented developer releases). The point release number in the Darwin version is always the same as the second point number in the Mac OS X version. In the case of Mac OS X v10.1.1 (the version where the jump in version numbers was made), this was build 5M28 and the 10.1.1 release, from which a version number of 5.1 was derived.[17]

The command uname -r in Terminal will show the Darwin version number, and the command uname -v will show the XNU build version string, which includes the Darwin version number.

Derived projects

Due to the free software nature of Darwin, there are many projects that aim to modify or enhance the operating system.

OpenDarwin

GNOME running on OpenDarwin.

OpenDarwin was a community-led operating system based on the Darwin system. It was founded in April 2002 by Apple Inc. and Internet Systems Consortium. Its goal was to increase collaboration between Apple developers and the free software community. Apple theoretically benefited from the project because improvements to OpenDarwin would be incorporated into Darwin releases; and the free/open source community supposedly benefited from being given complete control over its own operating system, which could then be used in free software distributions such as GNU-Darwin.[18]

On July 25, 2006, the OpenDarwin team announced that the project was shutting down, as they felt OpenDarwin had "become a mere hosting facility for Mac OS X related projects," and that the efforts to create a standalone Darwin operating system had failed. They also state: "Availability of sources, interaction with Apple representatives, difficulty building and tracking sources, and a lack of interest from the community have all contributed to this."[19] The last stable release was version 7.2.1, released on July 16, 2004.[20]

PureDarwin

In 2007, the PureDarwin project was launched to continue where OpenDarwin left off, and is currently working to produce a release based on Darwin 9. There is a developer preview available, called "PureDarwin XMas", based on Darwin 9. This release has X11, DTrace, and ZFS.[21] PureDarwin nano is another release of PureDarwin that is supposed to be minimalistic.

Other

See also

Free software portal

References

  1. ^ "Binary Drivers required for PureDarwin". http://www.puredarwin.org/legal/binarydrivers. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  2. ^ "Mac OS X Leopard - Technology - UNIX". Leopard Technology Overview. Apple Inc.. http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/technology/unix.html. Retrieved 2009-05-19. "Leopard is now an Open Brand UNIX 03 Registered Product, conforming to the SUSv3 and POSIX 1003.1 specifications for the C API, Shell Utilities, and Threads."
  3. ^ The Open Group. "Mac OS X Version 10.5 Leopard on Intel-based Macintosh computers certification". http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3555.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
  4. ^ Hubbard, Jordan (October 31, 2007). "Re: Darwin 9.0 Source Code Available." Apple Mailing Lists. Retrieved on 2007-11-27.
  5. ^ "Darwin." Apple Developer Connection. Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  6. ^ Singh, Amit (January 7, 2004). "XNU: The Kernel." Kernel Thread. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
  7. ^ Voodoo XNU Kernel.
  8. ^ Hooper, Jon. "Homepage of Hexley the DarwinOS mascot." The Home of Hexley the Platypus. Retrieved on 2008-11-30.
  9. ^ Hooper, Jon. "Hexley Darwin Mascot History." The Home of Hexley the Platypus. Retrieved on 2008-11-30.
  10. ^ "Darwin Releases." Apple Developer Connection. Retrieved on 2007-10-24.
  11. ^ "Technical Note TN2029: Mac OS X v10.1." Apple Developer Connection. Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  12. ^ Siracusa, John (September 5, 2002). "Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar." Ars Technica. Retrieved on 2008-05-31.
  13. ^ Siracusa, John (November 9, 2003). "Mac OS X 10.3 Panther." Ars Technica. Retrieved on 2008-05-31.
  14. ^ Siracusa, John (April 28, 2005). "Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger." Ars Technica. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
  15. ^ Siracusa, John (October 28, 2007). "Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: the Ars Technica review." Ars Technica. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
  16. ^ Siracusa, John (August 31, 2009). "Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard: the Ars Technica review." Ars Technica. Retrieved on 2009-11-29.
  17. ^ Prabhakar, Ernie (November 9, 2001). "Darwin Version - New Scheme in Software Update 1." Apple Mailing Lists. Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  18. ^ "OpenDarwin." OpenDarwin Project. Retrieved on 2006-05-30.
  19. ^ OpenDarwin Core Team and Administrators (July 25, 2006). "OpenDarwin Shutting Down." OpenDarwin Project. Retrieved on 2007-04-16.
  20. ^ http://www.cs.sunyit.edu/network/downloads/OperatingSystems/OpenDarwin-7.2.1%20x86%20or%20ppc/
  21. ^ PureDarwin Download Page.
  22. ^ http://darwine.opendarwin.org/
  23. ^ http://www.sedarwin.org/
  24. ^ http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/releasenotes/MacOSX/WhatsNewInOSX/Articles/MacOSX10_5.html
  25. ^ http://www.ertos.nicta.com.au/software/darbat/
  26. ^ http://wirelessdriver.sourceforge.net/
  27. ^ http://sourceforge.net/projects/iwi2200
  28. ^ http://sourceforge.net/projects/darwin-tulip/
  29. ^ http://sourceforge.net/projects/darwin-rtl8139
  30. ^ http://sourceforge.net/projects/rtl8150lm
  31. ^ http://sourceforge.net/projects/darwinmodems
  32. ^ http://pccardata.sourceforge.net/
  33. ^ http://sourceforge.net/projects/ext2fsx/
  34. ^ http://sourceforge.net/projects/ext2fuse/

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zu allen Open Source Projekten die in den jeweiligen OS X Version verbaut wurden nette Idee Geste wie ich finde Am Beispiel 10 5 6 wuerde das ganze Auszugsweise dann so aussehen Ein Blick ist die Open Source Seite auf jedne Fall wert und sei es nur um sich mal einen Ueberblick zu verschaffen wieviele kleine Teile des eigenen Betriebssystemes oeffentlich zugaenglich

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'Darwin (Operating System)' Answers
Anthropology questions please help !?
Q. 1. Divergent selection results in a change in the average value for a genetic trait over generations, but can not result in speciation. A. True B. False 2. During protein synthesis the mitochondria translates codons into amino acids. A. True B. False 3. Evolution A.does not occur in modern humans due to culturally adaptive technology that helps us cope with disease and environmental conditions B.is progressive in nature C.is when there are genetic changes in a population due to the inheritance of acquired traits D.is a source of variation E.none of the above 4. Failure of chromosomes to separate correctly after crossing over is called replication and can result in Downs syndrome. A. True B. False 5. From Thomas Malthus' Essay… [cont.]
Asked by Miss Question Mark - Mon Oct 26 21:46:39 2009 - - 2 Answers - 1 Comments

A. 1. Divergent selection results in a change in the average value for a genetic trait over generations, but can not result in speciation. B. False It can form new species. Divergent means that whatever is being compared are becoming more different. 2. During protein synthesis the mitochondria translates codons into amino acids. B. False Mitochondria aren't involved directly in protein synthesis. They are like fuel cells and are responsible for making energy in the form of ATP. 3. Evolution E. none of the above A. does not occur in modern humans due to culturally adaptive technology that helps us cope with disease and environmental conditions [cont.]
Answered by bravozulu - Tue Oct 27 11:11:40 2009

Yahoo Answers Search: Darwin (operating system),
Wed Jul 21 18:30:38 2010
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